![]() ![]() Reinventing himself as a thinker and writer, he made his life work the translation and interpretation of the Western idea of the stages of civilization. Albert Craig traces how Fukuzawa Yukichi, deeply influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment, “translated” the idea for Japanese society, both enriching and challenging the concept.įukuzawa, an official in the Tokugawa government, saw his career collapse when the shogunate ended in 1867. The idea that society progresses through stages of development, from savagery to civilization, arose in eighteenth-century Europe.
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